System dynamics approach to antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial stewardship strategies within the pharmaceutical industry and NHS in the UK

This research aims to model the interdependencies between public health and pharmaceutical sectors in the global AMR crisis using a hierarchical control structure. The study involved 24 NHS Clinicians and six industry professionals. Results showed that AMR growth involves various societal levels, including regulators, funding institutions, and a patient-medication-led culture. The findings can help design interventions targeting specific components.